Thursday, 6 October 2016
Chat212 Nigeria - We Make your voice Counts : Citibank is Employing... Submit Your CVs
Chat212 Nigeria - We Make your voice Counts : Citibank is Employing... Submit Your CVs: Citibank Nigeria Limited is recruiting to fill the position below;Transaction Services Representative 4 at Citibank Nigeria Limited C...
Thursday, 17 March 2016
What Has Government Done to Our Money?
What Has Government Done to Our Money?: In this audio book, Rothbard shows precisely how banks create money out of thin air and how the central bank, backed by government power, allows them to get away with it.
Tuesday, 24 November 2015
Welcome To Ladun Liadi's Blog: Deputy Senate President Comes Hard On APC, What Pr...
Welcome To Ladun Liadi's Blog: Deputy Senate President Comes Hard On APC, What Pr...: Ofcourse PDP men are still meeting! The Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekweremadu, while speaking at the National Conference of the Peoples...
Friday, 6 November 2015
News and Market Data
Make Money Forex: News and Market Data: A quick Yahoogleing (that's Yahoo, Google, plus Bing) search of "forex + news" or "forex + data" returns a measly ...
Risk
Make Money Forex: Risk: In the end, Forex trading is a numbers game, meaning you have to tilt every little factor in your favor as much as you can. In casinos, the ...
Mechanical Trading Systems
Make Money Forex: Mechanical Trading Systems: So far, we've taught you how to develop your trading plan. We've also discussed how important it is for you to discover which type...
Make Money Forex: Why trade currencies?
Make Money Forex: Why trade currencies?: The world’s most traded market – 24 hours a day Constant trading opportunity as the world’s currencies fluctuate in value against...
Make Money Forex: Elliott Wave Theory
Make Money Forex: Elliott Wave Theory: Back in the old school days of the 1920-30s, there was this mad genius and professional accountant named Ralph Nelson Elliott. By analyzing ...
Make Money Forex: Elliott Wave Theory
Make Money Forex: Elliott Wave Theory: Back in the old school days of the 1920-30s, there was this mad genius and professional accountant named Ralph Nelson Elliott. By analyzing ...
Make Money Forex: Stoch RSI EA
Make Money Forex: Stoch RSI EA: Stoch RSI EA Stoch RSI EA Expert Advisor Is the best Forex robot, some Forex trader are claiming really the best Forex Expert Advisor EA....
Tuesday, 13 October 2015
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Elliott wave pattern - Zigzag (ZZ), Double Zigzag ...
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Elliott wave pattern - Zigzag (ZZ), Double Zigzag ...: A Zigzag (ZZ) is a 3-wave structure labelled A-B-C, moving counter to the larger trend . It is one of the most common corrective Elliott pa...
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Download - Elliott Wave Calculator
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Download - Elliott Wave Calculator: The Elliott Wave Principle helps in describing how financial markets behave. As per the principle, markets create specific wave patterns in ...
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Elliott wave pattern - Triangle [Contracting (CT) ...
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Elliott wave pattern - Triangle [Contracting (CT) ...: A Triangle is a common 5-wave corrective pattern labelled A-B-C-D-E that moves counter-trend. Triangles move within two channel lines draw...
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Download - Elliott Wave Calculator
Finance and Trading Made Easy - FATME: Download - Elliott Wave Calculator: The Elliott Wave Principle helps in describing how financial markets behave. As per the principle, markets create specific wave patterns in ...
Tuesday, 6 October 2015
Chat212 Nigeria - We Make your voice Counts : Ministerial List Will Face Serious Opposition - Se...
Chat212 Nigeria - We Make your voice Counts : Ministerial List Will Face Serious Opposition - Se...: Some senators have said President Muhammadu Buhari’s ministerial list will meet serious opposition on the floor if it does not cover the 36...
Friday, 2 October 2015
Chat212 Nigeria - We Make your voice Counts : Vacancies - Job Recruitment 2015 - Citibank Nigeri...
Chat212 Nigeria - We Make your voice Counts : Vacancies - Job Recruitment 2015 - Citibank Nigeri...: Citibank Jobs - 2 Vacancies at Citibank Nigeria – Citibank Nigeria Limited Vacancies - Operational Risk Analyst 2 at Citibank Nigeria ...
Tuesday, 22 September 2015
Integrating trading, risk and operations: Risk management’s
It is no exaggeration to say that few, if any, current market
participants have experienced times like these. Whether we’re
considering the extreme, persistent volatility across asset classes,
atypical inter- and intra-asset correlations, illiquidity or heightened
operational and credit risk, this is, in many ways, uncharted territory
for the financial markets.
This challenging environment has highlighted that, during crisis,
market risk, liquidity risk and credit risk overlap greatly and what
starts out as one form of risk can quickly transform into another.
Examples of this are everywhere: banks have found that systematic
concerns about credit risk can unsettle once-stable sources of
funding; hedge funds have suffered as heightened market risk
prompts hitherto successful investment strategies to unravel, their
prime brokers to reel in credit and their investors to scramble for
the exits; meanwhile, counterparty credit concerns have risen in
key energy and commodity markets as spot market prices have
collapsed amid fears of global recession.
It is clear that, to be mitigated effectively, these risks cannot
be measured and managed separately. There has never been a
greater need for effective solutions that integrate trading, risk
management and operations. “Unexpected market events in
recent months have repeatedly tested risk management practices
and technology – sometimes pushing them to their limits,” says
Ken Knowles, executive vice president of financial and risk solutions
at OpenLink. “We’re seeing a move beyond traditional regulatory
frameworks for reporting counterparty credit and liquidity risks
and into the active management, measurement and incorporation
of these risks into the real-time trading environments.” Now
that traders and risk managers have a much more visceral
understanding of the ‘reality’ of non-market risks, the value of
integrated risk management technology has been thrust into the
limelight. OpenLink’s Findur and Endur solutions are targeted
at financial capital markets and energy markets participants,
respectively. Both are built upon the same OpenLink core
architecture and functionality. The OpenLink systems allow users to
manage the entire life cycle of a trade: front to back office and fromdeal entry right through to settlement and accounting.
The importance of real integration However, not all firm-wide risk management systems are created equal, and users need to be cognisant of the modelling assumptions and limitations of their ‘integrated’ solutions. As some firms may have discovered during the recent turmoil, market stress has a habit of exposing shortcomings in solutions that, although effective in some ways, are not truly integrated. “Rigid systems that may have appeared to work well for control and compliance are not necessarily well suited for truly active risk management. Being nimble in your risk management is a necessity in the current market environment,” says Knowles. So, while OpenLink’s solutions come with a rich set of outof-the-box functionality that users can deploy, it is perhaps the emphasis on configurability and extensibility that are particularly compelling right now. “Extensibility is something for which we have always strived. But, for our clients, it’s about having a plugin architecture so that new risk measures and reporting, novel valuation models and recalibrations can be implemented as easily as possible,” Knowles says. It is not uncommon for firm-wide risk management systems to be described as ‘integrated’, but the reality can be somewhat different. Often, what is touted as integration is actually a collection of very different solutions that have been stitched together – creating an ‘integrated’ solution that, at best, is inefficient and, at worst, masks contradicting processes and assumptions. “We have consciously made the decision to develop our solutions organically using the same core architecture and functionality,” comments Knowles. “Flexibility is at the heart of what we do.” In stable markets, this flexibility is most obviously manifested in the cross-asset architecture of OpenLink’s solutions. So, for example, a corporate treasury group that may have just been using a solution for managing interest rate and currency risk will find it straightforward to begin to manage energy price risk and incorporate this seamlessly and consistently within the system. Knowles says “OpenLink thinks of this flexibility as an invaluable kind of software-related ‘real option’ that users of truly integrated solutions can own. Needs can change rapidly due to market
conditions, regulatory shifts, and organisational or business changes, and this will necessarily prompt different kinds of functionality to be deployed,” he explains. “But, having that real option can be empowering in its own right – spurring users to raise the bar when it comes to sophistication.” The flexibility of OpenLink’s solution environment is perhaps best borne out by a glance at its client base, which includes clients of virtually every type and size – including central banks, major pension plans, hedge funds, banks, corporations and energy companies across the globe. New points of focus Obviously, as turmoil has spread from its roots in the US subprime residential mortgages out to affect nearly all asset classes and market participants, big question marks have been raised about the effectiveness of various risk models and risk management techniques. Knowles says he’s unsurprised to see that valueat-risk (VaR) has once again been fingered as a culprit in the current turmoil, but says this specific debate is missing the bigger picture “VaR can, and is, applied in many different ways. But the bottom line is it’s just a tool and over-reliance on any single tool is dangerous,” he adds. It’s little wonder then that truly integrated risk management tools like those from OpenLink appear to be coming into their own right now. After all, whereas one might typically expect more than a handful of VAR exceptions at times of heightened volatility and dramatic shifts in correlation, an ability to probe and analyse model exceptions at the drop of a hat can yield greater insight for more proactive risk management. Knowles says “It’s clear that being able to back-test and do attribution analyses to see where components of profit and loss were generated at a granular level is incredibly useful. With this kind of insight, models and the assumptions used in models can be refined dynamically.” “The failure of major derivative counterparties and heightened systemic counterparty credit risk concerns is naturally leading to increased interest in measures that look at the sensitivity of credit exposures to market rates, such as Potential Future Exposure (PFE),” says Knowles. Put simply, PFE seeks to quantify (at a specified confidence level) maximum exposure over a specified future extended period. Whereas more traditional credit risk exposure measures tend to be short term, point-in-time, static calculations based on notional principal amounts, and so have trouble in capturing offsetting risks, PFE is much more adaptable. “Indeed, the whole concept and practice of collateralisation is becoming much more sophisticated and nuanced in light of recent experiences,” according to Knowles. “A broader array of instruments is being accepted as collateral and many of these will have significant market risk exposures in of themselves,” he explains. “That is accelerating the move to integrate collateral management into an overall risk management framework.”
Some market participants have quite appropriately described the current financial crisis as a ‘real world’ stress test. In some ways, the stress tests performed before the turmoil struck now appear to be deficient. Some have attributed this apparent failure as being symptomatic of some systems’ rigidity in the ways that they allow stresses to be applied – a point that Knowles says is not without merit. “OpenLink provides its users with tools that greatly simplify setting up rules-based shocks, and users are not restricted to commonplace regulatory-type stress tests,” he explains. “Combinations of rules-based shocks, correlated random shocks, historical shocks and more arbitrary shocks are facilitated within our system.” Lessons learned Although painful for many market participants, the challenges of recent times will ultimately lead to more effective risk management practices. Whereas risk models are always going to need to be updated in light of experiences during market stress, a perhaps more unexpected lesson is that not all firm-wide risk management systems are the same. After all, it is at times of market stress when such systems are most needed – but it is at just these sorts of times that redundancies, inefficiencies and inadequacies due to legacy systems that have been stitched together can surface. “The whole issue of remodelling risk is avoided when you have a truly integrated system built from the same transparent risk architecture,” says Knowles. “When in the future we look back and assess our experience of managing risk through this period, this might just be viewed as one of the most important issues to have
The importance of real integration However, not all firm-wide risk management systems are created equal, and users need to be cognisant of the modelling assumptions and limitations of their ‘integrated’ solutions. As some firms may have discovered during the recent turmoil, market stress has a habit of exposing shortcomings in solutions that, although effective in some ways, are not truly integrated. “Rigid systems that may have appeared to work well for control and compliance are not necessarily well suited for truly active risk management. Being nimble in your risk management is a necessity in the current market environment,” says Knowles. So, while OpenLink’s solutions come with a rich set of outof-the-box functionality that users can deploy, it is perhaps the emphasis on configurability and extensibility that are particularly compelling right now. “Extensibility is something for which we have always strived. But, for our clients, it’s about having a plugin architecture so that new risk measures and reporting, novel valuation models and recalibrations can be implemented as easily as possible,” Knowles says. It is not uncommon for firm-wide risk management systems to be described as ‘integrated’, but the reality can be somewhat different. Often, what is touted as integration is actually a collection of very different solutions that have been stitched together – creating an ‘integrated’ solution that, at best, is inefficient and, at worst, masks contradicting processes and assumptions. “We have consciously made the decision to develop our solutions organically using the same core architecture and functionality,” comments Knowles. “Flexibility is at the heart of what we do.” In stable markets, this flexibility is most obviously manifested in the cross-asset architecture of OpenLink’s solutions. So, for example, a corporate treasury group that may have just been using a solution for managing interest rate and currency risk will find it straightforward to begin to manage energy price risk and incorporate this seamlessly and consistently within the system. Knowles says “OpenLink thinks of this flexibility as an invaluable kind of software-related ‘real option’ that users of truly integrated solutions can own. Needs can change rapidly due to market
conditions, regulatory shifts, and organisational or business changes, and this will necessarily prompt different kinds of functionality to be deployed,” he explains. “But, having that real option can be empowering in its own right – spurring users to raise the bar when it comes to sophistication.” The flexibility of OpenLink’s solution environment is perhaps best borne out by a glance at its client base, which includes clients of virtually every type and size – including central banks, major pension plans, hedge funds, banks, corporations and energy companies across the globe. New points of focus Obviously, as turmoil has spread from its roots in the US subprime residential mortgages out to affect nearly all asset classes and market participants, big question marks have been raised about the effectiveness of various risk models and risk management techniques. Knowles says he’s unsurprised to see that valueat-risk (VaR) has once again been fingered as a culprit in the current turmoil, but says this specific debate is missing the bigger picture “VaR can, and is, applied in many different ways. But the bottom line is it’s just a tool and over-reliance on any single tool is dangerous,” he adds. It’s little wonder then that truly integrated risk management tools like those from OpenLink appear to be coming into their own right now. After all, whereas one might typically expect more than a handful of VAR exceptions at times of heightened volatility and dramatic shifts in correlation, an ability to probe and analyse model exceptions at the drop of a hat can yield greater insight for more proactive risk management. Knowles says “It’s clear that being able to back-test and do attribution analyses to see where components of profit and loss were generated at a granular level is incredibly useful. With this kind of insight, models and the assumptions used in models can be refined dynamically.” “The failure of major derivative counterparties and heightened systemic counterparty credit risk concerns is naturally leading to increased interest in measures that look at the sensitivity of credit exposures to market rates, such as Potential Future Exposure (PFE),” says Knowles. Put simply, PFE seeks to quantify (at a specified confidence level) maximum exposure over a specified future extended period. Whereas more traditional credit risk exposure measures tend to be short term, point-in-time, static calculations based on notional principal amounts, and so have trouble in capturing offsetting risks, PFE is much more adaptable. “Indeed, the whole concept and practice of collateralisation is becoming much more sophisticated and nuanced in light of recent experiences,” according to Knowles. “A broader array of instruments is being accepted as collateral and many of these will have significant market risk exposures in of themselves,” he explains. “That is accelerating the move to integrate collateral management into an overall risk management framework.”
Some market participants have quite appropriately described the current financial crisis as a ‘real world’ stress test. In some ways, the stress tests performed before the turmoil struck now appear to be deficient. Some have attributed this apparent failure as being symptomatic of some systems’ rigidity in the ways that they allow stresses to be applied – a point that Knowles says is not without merit. “OpenLink provides its users with tools that greatly simplify setting up rules-based shocks, and users are not restricted to commonplace regulatory-type stress tests,” he explains. “Combinations of rules-based shocks, correlated random shocks, historical shocks and more arbitrary shocks are facilitated within our system.” Lessons learned Although painful for many market participants, the challenges of recent times will ultimately lead to more effective risk management practices. Whereas risk models are always going to need to be updated in light of experiences during market stress, a perhaps more unexpected lesson is that not all firm-wide risk management systems are the same. After all, it is at times of market stress when such systems are most needed – but it is at just these sorts of times that redundancies, inefficiencies and inadequacies due to legacy systems that have been stitched together can surface. “The whole issue of remodelling risk is avoided when you have a truly integrated system built from the same transparent risk architecture,” says Knowles. “When in the future we look back and assess our experience of managing risk through this period, this might just be viewed as one of the most important issues to have
Friday, 18 September 2015
want your ex back
http://moka48.exback123.hop.clickbank.net
http://24a38jv6mslk7vdzndodxkf9cf.hop.clickbank.net/
Wednesday, 16 September 2015
Thursday, 10 September 2015
obv
On-balance volume (OBV) is a proven-effective leading indicator that allows traders to spot turning points and valid signals across a wide variety of markets and time frames.
For the majority of technical analysts, volume plays an important role. Unfortunately, simply comparing one day’s volume to a three-month average will not tell you much about whether money is flowing in or out of a particular market or stock.
In the late 1970’s, my father gave me a book by Joseph Granville titled Granville's New Strategy of Daily Stock Market Timing for Maximum Profit. A few years later, I found Granville’s on-balance volume (OBV) on Compu Trac, one of the earliest technical analysis software programs. I was quickly hooked on the OBV. From the following examples, as well as my daily Charts in Play column, I think you will see why it is my favorite indicator for all markets.
Joe developed the OBV as a way to determine whether the smart money was buying or selling. It is calculated by keeping a running total of the volume figures and then adding in the volume if the close was higher than the previous period, or subtracting the volume if the closing price was lower.
If you are doing this in a spreadsheet, such as Excel, the starting volume can be arbitrary, as it is the pattern of the OBV—not the absolute number—that is important. When viewed on a monthly or weekly basis, this can be very useful in identifying major trends.
From the start, I analyzed the OBV in the same way that I would analyze a price chart. I used trend lines, moving averages, and support/resistance analysis to determine whether the OBV was positive or negative.
Divergence analysis was always quite important, though divergences are not always observed at every important turning point. Like my early work on Welles Wilder’s Relative Strength Index (RSI), it was critical to use divergence analysis on multiple time frames in order to generate valid signals.
In May 1985, my analysis of the OBV on the major currencies was instrumental in helping me identify major bottoms in currencies like the Deutsche mark (DMK) and Swiss franc (CHF), and therefore, the top in the US dollar (USD). At the time, most of the leading economists were expecting the dollar to remain strong for a few years. The dollar had bottomed in November 1980 with the election of Ronald Reagan.
Figure 1
Click to Enlarge
In a May 21, 1985 appearance on the Financial News Network, a precursor to CNBC, I discussed a chart very similar to the one above of the Deutsche mark futures contract traded on the CME. In my early adaptation of the OBV, I had also added a 21-period weighted moving average (WMA) of the OBV, which is plotted in green.
The weekly chart shows that the DMK was in a well-established downtrend (line a) starting in 1982, as it was falling in value against the US dollar. In 1984, the decline accelerated, as it fell 25% to a low of 0.2881, or 3.47 DMK per USD. By comparison, in early 1984, it was 2.5 DMK per USD.
During this decline, the OBV rallied several times to its declining weighted moving average. Then in March 1985, the OBV moved above its weighted moving average and broke its downtrend, line c. The WMA flattened out over the next six weeks before starting to rise.
On several attempts, the OBV was unable break through resistance (line d). With the OBV now above its rising weighted moving average and with confirming bullish signals in the analysis of the CHF and British pound (GBP), it suggested these currencies had bottomed out. The daily technical studies had been positive on the currencies for several months, and this was another negative for the dollar.
The OBV overcame its resistance, line d, on July 5, 1985 (line a). One week later, the DMK also broke through its corresponding resistance, line d. This is one of the reasons I find the OBV to be such a valuable indicator, as it often leads prices by one or more periods. Obviously, this can make the risk/reward on new positions much more favorable.
The DMK tested its downtrend (line a) in August and had a sharp, three-week pullback. During this time, the OBV was much stronger, as it held well above its rising weighted moving average.
In late September, the G5 nations got together over a weekend at the Plaza Hotel in New York and agreed to devalue the dollar. As you can see on the above chart, the DMK futures gapped higher and accelerated to the upside, as there was concerted intervention to lower the dollar. By early 1988, the DMK had more than doubled.
NEXT: Applying OBV Analysis Across Other Markets
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)